Science

A quick reference for reading research: study types, common biases, what the numbers mean, relative versus absolute risk, and diagnostic tests.

Science as a tool and not a belief system: probability, the limits of falsification, and how scientists fool themselves.

How science developed, from early sky-watchers and Greek philosophers to the methods researchers use today.

How to read the statistics in a study: p-values, significance, confidence intervals, sample size, relative and absolute risk, and confounding.

How the scientific method really works, why disproving ideas matters more than proving them, and how controlled comparisons make results reliable.

How humans evolved, from the first vertebrates through primates and early hominins to Homo sapiens, including the role of fire and diet.

How Earth’s magnetic field, natural cycles and web of life make the planet liveable, and our role within those systems.

How the Sun powers nearly all life on Earth, from photosynthesis to the energy you run on, and how light acts as information for the body.

How soil works as a living system, how it trades nutrients with plants and stores carbon, and why civilisations depend on it.

How the ocean shaped life on Earth, how the water cycle runs through your own body, and why the sea still matters for human health.